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S 1
S 2
abbr.s 1
or S(ĕs)n.pl.s's or S's also ss or Sss 2
abbr.s
(ɛs) orS
n, pls's, S'sorSss
S
symbol forS, s
(ɛs)n., pl. SsS's, sss's.
S
S
Symbol.
s
's1
,'s2
,'s3
,'s4
,'s5
,-s1
,-s2
or -es,-s3
or -es,-s4
,S.
s.
S
Noun | 1. | s - 1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites sec, second time unit, unit of time - a unit for measuring time periods min, minute - a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour; 'he ran a 4 minute mile' leap second - a second (as measured by an atomic clock) added to or subtracted from Greenwich Mean Time in order to compensate for slowing in the Earth's rotation millisecond, msec - one thousandth (10^-3) of a second |
2. | S - an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions) chemical element, element - any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter brimstone, native sulfur, native sulphur - an old name for sulfur sulfide, sulphide - a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive oil of vitriol, sulfuric acid, sulphuric acid, vitriol - (H2SO4) a highly corrosive acid made from sulfur dioxide; widely used in the chemical industry | |
3. | S - the cardinal compass point that is at 180 degrees cardinal compass point - one of the four main compass points | |
4. | S - a unit of conductance equal to the reciprocal of an ohm conductance unit - a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electrical charge | |
5. | s - the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet Latin alphabet, Roman alphabet - the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe alphabetic character, letter of the alphabet, letter - the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; 'his grandmother taught him his letters' | |
6. | S - (thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work; 'entropy increases as matter and energy in the universe degrade to an ultimate state of inert uniformity' physical property - any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions conformational entropy - entropy calculated from the probability that a state could be reached by chance alone thermodynamics - the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy |
S
1s1[es]N (letter) → S, s fS for sugar → S de Soria
S-bend → curvaf en S
S
2ABBRS
s[ˈɛs]nS
, sS
S
s[ɛs]n (letter) → S, s f or m invS for sugar → S come Savona
S
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Paradigm | multi-paradigm: imperative, object oriented |
---|---|
Developer | Rick Becker, Allan Wilks, John Chambers |
First appeared | 1976; 44 years ago |
Typing discipline | dynamic, strong |
License | depends on implementation |
Website | ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/ at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-10-14) |
Major implementations | |
R, S-PLUS | |
Influenced by | |
C, APL, PPL, Fortran |
S W Serial Number Dates
S is a statistical programming language developed primarily by John Chambers and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker and Allan Wilks of Bell Laboratories. The aim of the language, as expressed by John Chambers, is 'to turn ideas into software, quickly and faithfully'.[1]
The modern implementation of S is R, a part of the GNU free software project. S-PLUS, a commercial product, was formerly sold by TIBCO Software.[citation needed]
History[edit]
'Old S'[edit]
S is one of several statistical computing languages that were designed at Bell Laboratories, and first took form between 1975–1976.[2] Up to that time, much of the statistical computing was done by directly calling Fortran subroutines; however, S was designed to offer an alternate and more interactive approach. Early design decisions that hold even today include interactive graphics devices (printers and character terminals at the time), and providing easily accessible documentation for the functions.
S W Firearms Serial Number Dates
The first working version of S was built in 1976, and operated on the GCOS operating system. At this time, S was unnamed, and suggestions included ISCS (Interactive SCS), SCS (Statistical Computing System), and SAS (Statistical Analysis System) (which was already taken: see SAS System). The name 'S' (used with single quotation marks until 1979) was chosen, as it was a common letter in the suggestions and consistent with other programming languages designed from the same institution at the time (namely the C programming language).[2]
When UNIX/32V was ported to the (then new) 32-bit DECVAX, computing on the Unix platform became feasible for S. In late 1979, S was ported from GCOS to UNIX, which would become the new primary platform.
In 1980 the first version of S was distributed outside Bell Laboratories and in 1981 source versions were made available.[2] In 1984 two books were published by the research team at Bell Laboratories: S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics[3] (1984 Brown Book) and Extending the S System.[4] Also, in 1984 the source code for S became licensed through AT&T Software Sales for education and commercial purposes.
'New S'[edit]
By 1988, many changes were made to S and the syntax of the language. The New S Language[5] (1988 Blue Book) was published to introduce the new features, such as the transition from macros to functions and how functions can be passed to other functions (such as apply
). Many other changes to the S language were to extend the concept of 'objects', and to make the syntax more consistent (and strict). However, many users found the transition to New S difficult, since their macros needed to be rewritten. Many other changes to S took hold, such as the use of X11 and PostScript graphics devices, rewriting many internal functions from Fortran to C, and the use of double precision (only) arithmetic. The New S language is very similar to that used in modern versions of S-PLUS and R.
In 1991, Statistical Models in S[6] (1991 White Book) was published, which introduced the use of formula-notation[7] (which use the '~' operator), data frame objects, and modifications to the use of object methods and classes.
S4[edit]
The latest version of the S standard is S4, released in 1998.[8] It provides advanced object-oriented features. S4 classes differ markedly from S3 classes; S4 formally defines the representation and inheritance for each class, and has multiple dispatch: the generic function can be dispatched to a method based on the class of any number of arguments, not just one.[9]
References[edit]
- ^Chambers, John M (1998). Programming with Data: A Guide to the S Language. Springer. ISBN978-0-387-98503-9.
- ^ abcBecker, Richard A., A Brief History of S, Murray Hill, New Jersey: AT&T Bell Laboratories, archived from the original(PS) on 2015-07-23, retrieved 2015-07-23
- ^Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984). S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-534-03313-X.
- ^Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985). Extending the S System. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-534-05016-6.
- ^Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M.; Wilks, A.R. (1988). The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-534-09192-X.
- ^Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991). Statistical Models in S. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. p. 624. ISBN0-412-05291-1.
- ^Wilkinsons, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). 'Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance'. Applied Statistics. 22 (3): 392–399. doi:10.2307/2346786. JSTOR2346786.
- ^Chambers, John (January 1, 2001). 'The S System'. Bell Labs. Archived from the original on 2018-10-14.
- ^Wickham, Hadley (2019). 'S4'. Advanced R.adv-r.had.co.nz. ISBN9781466586963. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
External links[edit]
- Evolution of the S Language, by John M. Chambers, discusses the new features in Version 4 of S (in PostScript format)